Sonography is a cross-sectional diagnostic modality based on high frequency sound waves. It is noninvasive, non-radiating, cheap, harmless and easily available modality so it acts as a powerful primary investigative tool for many conditions.
  • Acute Abdominal Pain - Common conditions are acute appendicitis, Acute cholecystitis, Acute Pancreatitis, Renal / Biliary / intestinal colic,Ovarian cyst torsion/rupture, ruptured Ectopic pregnancy etc.
  • Chronic abdominal pain
  • Abdominal distension
  • Fever of unknown origin
  • Weight loss, fatique general uneasiness /discomfort
  • Mass felt in abdomen
  • Post traumatic
  • Alcohol abuse, Cirrhosis of liver ( with Doppler if indicated)
  • Blood in vomit/ blood in stool
  • Generalized oedma/pedal oedma.
  • Evaluation of hernias

For Females

  • Pain in lower abdomen
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Excessive / Painful / Frequent periods
  • Excessive Vaginal discharge
  • Postmenopausal bleeding

For Males

  • Pain in lower abdomen
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Frequency / dysuria during micturation
  • Retention of urine
  • Any palpable swelling in neck
  • Evaluation of thyroid and parathyroid glands
  • Pain and Swelling of Salivary Glands
  • Evaluation of lymph nodes
  • Swelling / Palpable mass in breast
  • Discharge from nipple
  • Pain in breast region
  • Pain / swelling in scrotum
  • Varicocele evaluation in case of primary infertility
  • Pain / swelling of joint
  • Limitation of movements (especially) shoulder joint
  • Radiating neural pain
  • Tingling,numbness & pain in hand
  • Any palpable swelling in extremities

Early pregnancy

  • Confirmation of intra / extrauterine pregnancy
  • viability of pregnancy
  • Confirmation/Exclusion of missed abortion
  • Bleeding per vagina
  • Pregnancy dating

1st trimester anomaly scan

  • Detection of gross foetal anomaly
  • Foetal growth and maturity
  • Soft marker evaluation of Down’s syndrome and other trisomy

2nd trimester anomaly scan

  • Detection of gross foetal anomaly
  • Foetal growth and maturity
  • Uterine artery colour Doppler study

Foetal echo (Best between 22-24 weeks)

  • Establishing normal foetal heart anatomy
  • Detection of foetal heart abnormality

Foetal well being

  • Foetal growth and maturity evaluation
  • Detection of Intrauterine growth retardation and its cause (if possible)
  • Identifying high risk pregnancy

Full term pregnancy with colour Doppler study

  • Foetal lie and presentation
  • Foetal growth, weight, movements and respiration
  • Blood circulation in vital organs especially foetal brain
  • liquor evaluation

Peripheral arterial Doppler study

  • To diagnose cause of limb ischemia /gangrene

Peripheral venous Doppler

  • Varicose veins in lower limbs
  • Evaluation of oedema
  • Non healing ulcer

Renal Doppler

  • Young hypertensive patient
  • Uncontrolled hypertension / refractory hypertension
  • Post renal transplant

Carotid Doppler

  • Transient ischemic attack
  • Stroke

Post liver transplant

As children have less body mass, resolution and details of ultrasound examination is excellent

  • Confirmation of any abnormality detected during antenatal examination
  • Excessive vomiting
  • Any palpable mass in abdomen
  • Acute/Chronic pain in abdomen
  • Suspected brain hemorrhage
  • Fever of unknown orgion
  • Undue distension of abdomen